Why Have Forecasters Underestimated The U.S. Economy Lately?

The U.S. economy keeps defying expectations.

In the past month, employers have added more jobs than forecasters expected, consumers have spent more, the economy has grown more, and businesses have raised prices more. Report after report shows the economy running hotter than expected, with people generally spending more money and doing more stuff than economists thought they would. 

While it’s not unusual for economic forecasts to be wrong—predicting the future in any arena is extremely difficult—the forecasts have consistently been off in the same direction, underestimating how willing people have been to part with their money. 

One of the most prominent examples of this phenomenon is inflation. A key monthly inflation report, the Consumer Price Index, came in hotter than expected last week for the third month in a row, sending shockwaves through financial markets as investors are no longer convinced the Federal Reserve will roll back its anti-inflation interest rate hikes any time soon. 

What are the forecasters missing? It all comes down to the behavior of consumers, said Kurt Rankin, senior economist at PNC Financial Services Group

For example, Rankin’s models predicted that as prices for necessities rose, U.S. consumers would cut back on luxuries like dining out. That would reduce demand at restaurants and cause a key measure of restaurant prices called “food away from home” in the CPI, to fall. Instead, grocery prices have remained relatively stable while prices at restaurants have shot up, suggesting that more people are dining out, budget be damned. 

“You can only generate forecasts for inflation based on what rational behavior would dictate,” Rankin told Investopedia. Consumers continue to defy economists’ conventional wisdom by spending through their income and savings as well as accumulating credit card debt without cutting back on spending, Rankin said.

Indeed, data on consumer finances shows people are putting more purchases on plastic to maintain their lifestyles as prices rise. And with interest rates for credit cards at multi-decade highs, alternatives, such as buy-now-pay-later plans, have grown more popular. 

And because all of that data is connected—consumer spending can power economic growth as measured by the Gross Domestic Product, which can encourage businesses to hire more, which can stoke inflation—one assumption being off can throw many forecasts out of whack.

“All these things, month after month, are defying economic convention,” Rankin said. “It’s a vicious cycle of one number coming in stronger than expected and then it’s the domino effect, where everything else including inflation consistently overshoots expectations.”