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What Is an Ordinary Loss?
An ordinary loss is loss realized by a taxpayer when expenses exceed revenues in normal business operations. Ordinary losses are those losses incurred by a taxpayer that are not capital losses. An ordinary loss is fully deductible to offset income, thereby reducing the tax owed by a taxpayer.
Key Takeaways
- An ordinary loss is realized by a taxpayer when expenses exceed revenues in normal business operations.
- Ordinary losses are separate from capital losses.
- An ordinary loss is fully deductible to offset income, thereby reducing the tax owed by a taxpayer.
- Capital losses occur when capital assets are sold for less than their cost.
- Taxpayers are allowed to deduct up to a certain limit for capital losses, whereas there is no limit for ordinary losses.
Understanding Ordinary Loss
Ordinary losses may stem from many causes, including casualty and theft. When ordinary losses are more than a taxpayer’s gross income during a tax year, they become deductible.
Capital and ordinary are two tax rates applicable to specific asset sales and transactions. The tax rates are tied to a taxpayer’s marginal tax rate. Net long-term capital rates are significantly lower than ordinary rates. Hence the conventional wisdom that taxpayers prefer capital rates on gains and ordinary rates on losses.
In 2025, the rates will be graduated over seven tax brackets from 10% to 37% for ordinary rates, and from 0% to 20% of net long-term capital rates. Also, taxpayers in the highest tax bracket must pay a 3.8% net investment income tax (NIIT).
Ordinary Loss vs. Capital Loss
An ordinary loss is a metaphoric wastebasket for any loss that is not classified as a capital loss. The realization of a capital loss happens when you sell a capital asset, such as a stock market investment or property you own for personal use, for less than its original cost.
The recognition of an ordinary loss is when you sell property such as inventory, supplies, accounts receivables from doing business, real estate used as rental property, and intellectual property such as musical, literary, software coding, or artistic compositions. It is the loss realized by a business owner operating a business that fails to make a profit because expenses exceed revenues. The loss recognized from property created or available due to a taxpayer’s personal efforts in the course of conducting a trade or business is an ordinary loss.
As an example, you spend $110 writing a musical score that you sell for $100. You have a $10 ordinary loss.
Ordinary loss can stem from other causes as well. Casualty, theft, and related party sales realize ordinary loss. So do sales of Section 1231 property, such as real or depreciable goods used in a trade or business that were held for over one year.
Ordinary Losses for Taxpayers
Taxpayers like their deductible loss to be ordinary. Ordinary loss, on the whole, offers greater tax savings than a long-term capital loss.
An ordinary loss is mostly fully deductible in the year of the loss, whereas capital loss is not. An ordinary loss will offset ordinary income on a one-to-one basis. A capital loss is strictly limited to offsetting a capital gain and up to $3,000 of ordinary income. The remaining capital loss must be carried over to another year.
Let’s say that during the tax year, you earned $100,000 and had $80,000 of expenses. You bought stocks and bonds and, six months later, sold the stock for $2,000 more and bonds for $1,000 less than you paid. Then, the stock market tanked when you sold the stock and bonds you bought more than a year ago, so you sold the stock for $14,000 less and the bonds for $3,000 more than you paid. Let’s net your gains and losses to figure your overall gain or loss and whether it is ordinary or capital.
- Net your short-term capital gains and losses. $2,000 – $1,000 = $1,000 net short-term capital gain.
- Net your long-term capital gains and losses. $3,000 – $14,000 = $11,000 net long-term capital loss.
- Net your net short-term and long-term capital gains and losses. $1,000 – $11,000 = $10,000 net long-term capital loss.
- Net your ordinary income and loss. $100,000 – $80,000 = $20,000 ordinary gain.
- Net your net ordinary and net capital gains and losses. $20,000 – $3,000 = $17,000 ordinary gain.
- Carry forward the remaining $7,000 net capital loss over the next three years.
How Much Ordinary Loss Can You Claim on Taxes?
An ordinary loss is fully deductible from taxable income. There are no limits on how much can be deducted.
Can You Carry Over Ordinary Losses?
Ordinary losses are fully deductible in the year losses were incurred and cannot be carried forward to subsequent years. Capital losses exceeding the maximum deductible amount can be carried forward into future years.
What Is the Difference Between an Ordinary Loss and a Capital Loss?
A capital loss occurs when a capital asset is sold for less than what it cost. For example, if equipment that cost $10,000 is sold for $8,000, a $2,000 capital loss is incurred. An ordinary loss occurs when business expenses exceed business income, when non-capital assets are sold, or for certain non-capital transactions.
The Bottom Line
An ordinary loss is what a taxpayer realizes when expenses exceed revenues in normal business operations. Ordinary losses are not capital losses.
An ordinary loss is fully deductible to offset income, which reduces the tax owed by a taxpayer.