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In 2017, Congress instituted a 20% deduction on pass-through business income, as part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The law, which is scheduled to remain in effect through the 2025 tax year, benefits some business owners but not others, depending on their total income, the structure of their business, and the business they are in. The following information is provided to help you decide whether it might make sense to restructure your business for to take advantage of these tax benefits for the 2024 tax year.
Key Takeaways
- The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act allows some pass-through business entities to claim a 20% tax deduction through 2025, although not all business owners stand to benefit.
- Pass-through businesses include sole proprietorships, partnerships, S corporations, trusts, and estates.
- Companies that are established under one organizational form may find it beneficial to restructure as the business evolves over time or to gain more favorable tax treatment.
- Due to income limits, high-income individuals who own pass-through entities, especially a specified service trade or business, may not be able to claim the full deduction.
What Is a Pass-Through Business?
To be eligible to claim a tax deduction for 20% of qualified business income (QBI), your business must be a pass-through entity. Pass-through entities are so named because the income of the business “passes through” to the owner or owners. It isn’t taxed at the business level, but instead at the individual level.
Owners of pass-through businesses pay tax on their business income at individual tax rates. Pass-through businesses can include sole proprietorships, partnerships, S corporations, trusts, and estates. By contrast, C corporation income is subject to corporate tax rates.
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) defines qualified business income as net business income, not including capital gains and losses, certain dividends, or interest income. The 20% deduction reduces federal and state income taxes but not Social Security or Medicare (FICA) taxes, which means it also doesn’t reduce self-employment taxes—a term that refers to the employer-plus-employee portions of FICA taxes that people pay when they run their own businesses.
The 20% QBI deduction, also called the Section 199A deduction after the part of the tax code that defines it, is calculated as the lesser of:
- 20% of the taxpayer’s qualified business income, plus (if applicable) 20% of qualified real estate investment trust dividends and qualified publicly traded partnership income; or
- 20% of the taxpayer’s taxable income minus net capital gains
The calculations are pretty complicated, so in this article, we’re going to keep things simple by not talking about real estate investment trust dividends or qualified publicly traded partnership income.
Section 199A Deduction Phaseout Levels
The 20% deduction is subject to limits based on income and the type of business.
If you have a taxable income of $383,900 or less and you’re married filing jointly— $191,950 or less for any other filing status (adjusted annually for inflation) for 2024—you can claim the full 20% deduction.
However, according to a Tax Foundation report, many pass-through businesses are large companies, and “the majority of pass-through business income is taxed at top individual tax rates.” Certain hedge funds, investment firms, manufacturers, and real estate companies, for example, are often structured as pass-through entities. Thus, the limits stand to affect a great many taxpayers.
If you’re one of the taxpayers who own a pass-through business and you have taxable income above these limits, figuring out what deduction, if any, you qualify for under the new tax law is tricky because different types of businesses are treated differently.
If You’re in a Specified Service Trade or Business (SSTB)
The first thing you need to determine is whether you own what the IRS calls a specified service trade or business (SSTB). These are businesses in the fields of “health, law, accounting, actuarial science, performing arts, consulting, athletics, financial services, investing and investment management, trading, dealing in certain assets or any trade or business where the principal asset is the reputation or skill of one or more of its employees.”
The IRS clarifies that the last clause (“…where the principal asset is the reputation or skill…”) is meant to apply to celebrity income, such as a famous chef being paid to allow a cookware line to use their name or a famous television personality getting paid to make an appearance.
Financial advisors, wealth managers, stockbrokers, accountants, doctors, lawyers, and other businesses in the named fields are considered SSTBs. All others are not. Some of the interesting exceptions include architects, engineers, and insurance agents.
Under the new tax code, it’s generally better not to own an SSTB. Owners of SSTBs are subject to a phaseout and a cap on their deduction, adjusted for inflation each year. For 2023, the phaseout is $383,900 for married taxpayers and $191,500 for all other taxpayers. Below these thresholds, the deduction may be limited. Above them, there is no deduction.
What happens if you’re the owner of a non-SSTB pass-through entity? Let’s say you’re single and your taxable income is about $207,500. You are allowed to take the deduction if you have qualified business income. However, your QBI deduction may be limited by the amount of W-2 wages your business has paid its employees, and by the unadjusted basis immediately after the acquisition (UBIA) of the qualified property your business holds. The deduction is limited to the higher of 50% of total W-2 wages paid or 25% of total wages paid plus 2.5% of the UBIA of all qualified property.
Changing Your Business Structure
If you think you might pay lower taxes as a non-SSTB pass-through entity, you might be wondering whether you should change your business structure in an attempt to lower your taxes—especially if, say, your high-revenue business both sells insurance and provides financial advice, meaning you have both SSTB and non-SSTB income.
Financial professionals should likely not try to classify themselves as something other than a financial advisor, retirement planner, or actuary to avoid being considered an SSTB. They are specifically excluded from benefiting from this deduction, and the IRS knows that some businesses might try and skirt the law to get the benefit.
Business Structure Workarounds
Other workarounds that businesses might try to use will not work in almost all cases as they are already under scrutiny by the IRS. These workarounds are referred to as “crack and pack,” or splitting up one business into two or more different businesses with the same owner to separate out SSTB income and non-SSTB income and avoid missing out on part or all of the QBI deduction.
The law’s 80/50 rule says that if a non-SSTB has 50% or more common ownership with an SSTB, and the non-SSTB provides 80% or more of its property or services to the SSTB, the non-SSTB will, by regulation, be treated as part of the SSTB.
Some businesses may be able to get around the 80/50 rule by reducing the common ownership of the SSTB and non-SSTB businesses below 50%.
C-Corp Conversion
What about changing your pass-through business to a C corporation to take advantage of the 21% flat corporate tax rate, another change introduced by the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act?
Converting from a pass-through entity to a C corporation for the lower 21% tax bracket usually is not a good idea due to the double taxation of dividends.
A simplified example shows why. If you have a C corporation and have $1 million in C corporation income, you will owe $210,000 at the 21% tax bracket on the corporate tax return, form 1120. Then, if the corporation pays a dividend, you will pay tax again on that distribution on your personal return.
Reducing Tax Liability
How then can high-income pass-through business owners best reduce their tax liability under the new rules? There are several steps they can take to reduce taxable income below the phaseout thresholds. These can include:
- Implementing larger retirement-plan contributions such as profit sharing or defined-benefit plan
- Lumping charitable contributions through donor-advised funds
- Being intentional about realized capital gains and losses
- Delaying other sources of income, such as pension payments or Social Security
Business owners who are limited by the 20%-of-taxable-income calculation might wish to increase their taxable income through Roth conversions or changing retirement plan deferrals from pre-tax to Roth. Since the qualified business income deduction is limited to the lesser of 20% of QBI or 20% of taxable income, in addition to the asset and wage tests, taxpayers might not have enough taxable income to get the full benefit of the QBI deduction.
Suppose a taxpayer who is married and filing jointly has $100,000 of pass-through income and no other income. That individual would be eligible to deduct 20% of the total, or $20,000. But after taking the standard deduction of $29,200 (for married couples filing jointing in 2024), their taxable income would be $70,800.
Since 20% of their taxable income is $14,160, and that’s lower than 20% of QBI ($20,000), the taxpayer can only deduct $14,600, not $20,000. However, if that person did a Roth IRA conversion of $29,200, their taxable income would then be $100,000, and they would be able to take the full $20,000 QBI deduction.
What Is a Sole Proprietorship?
A sole proprietorship is a business that is owned by just one person. It isn’t considered a business entity separate from that person and is treated as a pass-through entity for tax purposes. That allows owners to take the 20% QBI deduction.
What Is the Difference Between an S Corp and a C Corp?
An S corp is a special type of corporation that avoids the double taxation of profits as a pass-through entity. A C corp, which is what most people probably think of as a corporation, pays corporate taxes instead. S corps are also limited to no more than 100 shareholders.
What Are the Tax Brackets for Corporations?
On the federal level, corporations are currently taxed at a flat rate of 21%. On the state level, the situation is more complicated. Most, but not all, states impose corporate taxes in one form or another. Some have flat rates, while others have graduated rates based on income. All of those rates can differ from one state to the next.
The Bottom Line
The 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act allows pass-through businesses to claim a 20% tax deduction. However, high-income owners of pass-through entities, especially those classified as a specified service trade or business, may not be able to fully take advantage of this deduction. These businesses should consult with a tax professional to formulate planning strategies that will increase the likelihood of their being able to get the most benefit from the qualified business income deduction.