A tale of tier 2 cities

This report is from this week’s CNBC’s “Inside India” newsletter which brings you timely, insightful news and market commentary on the emerging powerhouse and the big businesses behind its meteoric rise. Like what you see? You can subscribe here.

Take for example Trident, a textiles company producing linens, rugs, bedspreads and yarns for consumers in both India and abroad. The company is headquartered in Ludhiana, an industrial city that is around 100 kilometers away from Chandigarh, the capital of the state of Punjab.

Multi-national companies wanting a presence in India have also been vying for space outside the major metros. For instance, automaker Kia India set up its manufacturing facility in the district of Anantapur, which is around 215 kilometers away from Bengaluru.

India’s tier 2 and 3 cities are also becoming hotspots for the set up of Global Capability Centers (GCC), which look after a slew of business functions for a parent organization.

The Asian powerhouse is home to around 1,800 of such centers — giving it a global market share of over 50%, data from jobs and talent platform foundit shows. One in five GCCs established their base in a tier 2 city in the first half of 2023 so as to reach out to new talent markets, according to the data.

Pune, a city in the state of Maharashtra is a hub for GCCs specializing in IT, automotives and manufacturing. Meanwhile, Ahmedabad, a city in Gujarat is a key destination for companies in banking and financial services given its proximity to the Gujarat International Finance Tec-City.

Other cities that have been seeing interest among GCCs include Chandigarh, Bhubaneshwar, Jaipur, Lucknow and Visakhapatnam, thanks to improved air connectivity, the set up of new-age private universities and reduced costs.

“These cities have been sprouting up organically as the population grows, and space gets limited,” Shumita Deveshwar, chief India economist at TS Lombard, told CNBC’s Inside India.

Close to 60% of India’s GDP was from its urban pockets, data from government agency NITI Aayog indicates. As more people move to cities, 73% of the nation’s population growth is expected to be in urban areas by 2036, according to the agency, with workers commanding a wage premium of 122% over those in the rural parts of the country.

While there is no official tiering of cities in India, a widely accepted classification is based on the population data from the Reserve Bank of India’s 2011 census.

Here, cities are categorized into six tiers based on their population size. A tier 1 or metro city has over 100,000 residents, while a tier 2 city would have between 50,000 to 99,999 people. Meanwhile, the population count in tier 3 cities stood at around 20,000 to 49,999 as at 2011.

Better job prospects?

Population numbers aside, the urbanization of India’s smaller cities aligns with the nation’s vision to foster a geographically balanced economy offering fertile ground for employers seeking talent and employees wanting a fulfilling career.

“We definitely see the cities outside the top metros doing much better in terms of growth in job opportunities,” Sekhar Garisa, CEO of foundit, said.

“We thought the cities are showing higher growth because of a lower base. But over the last 18 months, we’re seeing that the base impact is not slowing because there is a shift in policies, organizational incentives and candidates’ willingness to work outside metros in tier 2 cities.”

This comes as employees do not feel their career progression is compromised simply because they are working outside a metropolis, with at least three in 10 being open to taking a job in a tier 2 city today, versus none a decade ago, Garisa said.

There is, however, a catch. Salaries in tier 2 cities are typically around 30% to 40% lower than what is paid in bigger cities, Garisa said. After accounting for the the difference in the cost of living, the net compensation differential could be about 20% to 30% in tier 2 cities, Garisa noted.

This differential is narrowing, he said, as people outside the metros are demanding the same compensation because they know the market rate.

A more pressing concern now is job creation across industries and cities as an educated millennial generation faces challenges securing a job.

“India has been a services led economy which hasn’t served it too well in terms of creating the kind of employment we need for the young demographic profile that we have,” says TS Lombard’s Deveshwar.

Her suggestion is for the urbanization of cities to include the creation of jobs that allow people to retain the lifestyle and surroundings they are comfortable with.

Infrastructural demands

India’s urbanization story is embroiled with concerns, starting with whether the make up of the cities allows for the influx of the people expected.

Millions of urban Indians will soon be joined by many more. Yet the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs was allocated a mere 1.7% of the recent national budget announced on July 23.

“There is definitely an overcrowding of cities in India. Infrastructure development has not been able to keep pace with the kind of growth in the population,” said Deveshwar.

Beyond investing in its own growth, the bitter — but perhaps more curative — pill India needs is foreign investments either by way of more multinational companies setting up shop in smaller cities, or investments in local projects.

The push comes as foreign investments into India have been slowing — a sign that is “not very good” seeing as it is one of the fastest growing countries in the world, said Deveshwar.

Agreeing, Malcolm Dorson from Global X ETFs told Inside India that “more multinationals need to take advantage of its tier two and three cities, especially from a cost perspective, and building their own manufacturing centers and distribution centers in different parts of the country.”

Global X’s parent, Mirae Asset, is one of India’s largest foreign asset managers.

“This, I think, will translate into foreign direct investment and push GDP as well,” Dorson added.

Apple eyes bigger slice of India’s streaming, music market following Airtel deal. Tech giant Apple has joined hands with India’s Bharti Airtel to offer free music and video streaming services to its premium customers. This follows stiff competition in India’s $28 billion media and entertainment sector, which includes Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Disney+ Hotstar and billionaire Mukesh Ambani’s JioCinema. 

India is walking a diplomatic tightrope by befriending Ukraine. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Ukraine last week is likely to have been closely watched by New Delhi’s long-standing ally, Russia. India is one of the few countries to have robust trading and diplomatic relations with both Moscow and the West since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022 set off heightened global tensions, sanctions and animosity toward the Kremlin.

India wants to be a developed nation by 2047 — but has to tackle gender inequality first. Modi has ambitious aims to make the country a $5 trillion economy by the end of the decade, and a developed nation by 2047. Economists, however, say he’ll have trouble reaching his goals if India doesn’t work to boost the number of women in the workforce.

Disney and Reliance win approval for $8.5 billion merger. The Competition Commission of India approved the Walt Disney Co and Reliance Industries merger of their Indian assets despite concerns over the control they would have on cricket broadcasting rights. The CCI said the deal was still subject to modifications submitted voluntarily by the two firms.

Indian stocks rose and largely outperformed their global peers this week. The Nifty 50 index is up nearly 1.4% over the last five trading days. The index has risen 15.7% so far this year.

The benchmark 10-year Indian government bond yield was little changed this week and stands at 6.864%.